Cygwin/X User's Guide

Harold L Hunt, II

Jon Turney

     Copyright (c) 2000 Harold L Hunt II. Copyright (C) 2009 Jon Turney.
     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
     and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in
     the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
     __________________________________________________________________

   Table of Contents
   1. [1]Cygwin/X Overview
   2. [2]Setting Up Cygwin/X

        [3]Cygwin/X Contents
        [4]Installing Cygwin/X

   3. [5]Configuring Cygwin/X

        [6]Configuration Overview
        [7]Command Line Parameters

   4. [8]Using Cygwin/X

        [9]Starting Cygwin/X

              [10]startxwin.bat
              [11]startxwin.sh
              [12]startx

        [13]Switching Out of Cygwin/X
        [14]Stopping Cygwin/X
        [15]Window Managers
        [16]Windows Clipboard Integration
        [17]Shared Memory Support (MIT-SHM Extension)
        [18]Remote Sessions via XDMCP
        [19]Displaying Remote Clients

              [20]Secure ssh
              [21]Unsecure Telnet

   A. [22]GNU Free Documentation License

        0. [23]PREAMBLE
        1. [24]APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
        2. [25]VERBATIM COPYING
        3. [26]COPYING IN QUANTITY
        4. [27]MODIFICATIONS
        5. [28]COMBINING DOCUMENTS
        6. [29]COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
        7. [30]AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
        8. [31]TRANSLATION
        9. [32]TERMINATION
        10. [33]FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
        [34]How to use this License for your documents

   List of Tables
   3-1. [35]Parameter Descriptions
     __________________________________________________________________

Chapter 1. Cygwin/X Overview

   Cygwin/X is a port of the X Window System to Cygwin; Cygwin provides a
   UNIX-like API on the Win32 platform.
     __________________________________________________________________

Chapter 2. Setting Up Cygwin/X

Cygwin/X Contents

   Cygwin/X consists of two parts: Cygwin, a port of the GNU tools to
   Win32, and Cygwin/X, a port of the X Window System to Win32. Both parts
   of Cygwin/X are needed to successfully run an X Server on a Win32
   platform.
     __________________________________________________________________

Installing Cygwin/X

   Cygwin tools are, in the words of the Cygwin development homepage,
   [36]http://cygwin.com/, "ports of the popular GNU development tools and
   utilities for Windows 95, 98, and NT. They function by using the Cygwin
   library which provides a UNIX-like API on top of the Win32 API." Cygwin
   allows the compilation of the X Window System source on Win32; several
   patches were made to the X Window System source to make it actually
   compile and run under Cygwin.

   Cygwin has a nice setup program that downloads and installs the
   necessary Cygwin packages for you.
    1. Open the Cygwin, [37]http://cygwin.com/ page in your web browser
    2. Click the [38]"Install Cygwin Now" link in the upper-right hand
       corner of the page. This link downloads setup.exe from the primary
       Cygwin server; save setup.exe to the directory that you would like
       to store the downloaded packages in (e.g. c:\download); do not save
       setup.exe to c:\cygwin, as that is the default directory for the
       extraction and installation of the downloaded packages.
    3. Run setup.exe, you will see the welcome screen:
       [cyi01welcome.png]
    4. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
    5. Choose, Install from Internet, this will still save the package
       files to your download directory so that you can install Cygwin on
       any number of machines:
       [cyi02installoption.png]
    6. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
    7. The default Install Root is c:\cygwin; this should be fine for most
       installations. Leave Default Text File Type as UNIX. Leave Install
       For set to All unless you lack local administrative privileges.
       [cyi03installto.png]
    8. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
    9. Local Package Directory should default to the directory that you
       ran setup.exe from:
       [cyi04directory.png]
   10. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
   11. Choose your proxy setup, or, just choose Direct Connection if no
       proxy is needed:
       [cyi05proxy.png]
   12. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
   13. Select your nearest mirror for downloading:
       [cyi06mirror.png]
   14. Click Next to proceed to the next screen; setup will download a
       list of available packages as it moves to the next screen.
   15. On the next screen you will select the packages that will be
       downloaded and installed. A listing of the Cygwin/X packages is
       given below; a listing of the general Cygwin packages would be
       beyond the scope of this document.
       Cygwin/X packages are located in the X11 category.
          + xorg-server (required, the Cygwin/X X Server)
          + xinit (required, scripts for starting the X server: xinit,
            startx, startwin.sh, startxwin.bat (and a shortcut on the
            Start Menu to run it), startxdmcp.bat )
          + xorg-docs (optional, man pages)
          + X-start-menu-icons (optional, adds icons for X Clients to the
            Start menu)
          + You may also select any X client programs you want to use, and
            any fonts you would like to have available.
          + You may also want to ensure that the inetutils or openssh
            packages are selected if you wish to use telnet or ssh
            connections to run remote X clients.
       [cyi07packages.png]
   16. Click Next to begin the download process, you may want to try
       another mirror if you see a "Connecting" message on this screen for
       a long period of time:
       [cyi08downloading.png]
   17. After the packages are downloaded, setup will automatically begin
       to install them:
       [cyi09installing.png]
   18. I highly recommend allowing Cygwin Setup to create Desktop and
       Start Menu icons for you; these icons simply launch a bash shell:
       [cyi10createicons.png]
   19. Click Finish to close the setup program.

   You have now successfully installed Cygwin/X. Proceed to [39]Chapter 4
   for instructions on how to use Cygwin/X.
     __________________________________________________________________

Chapter 3. Configuring Cygwin/X

Configuration Overview

   Cygwin/X settings are configured primarily through command-line
   parameters passed to XWin.exe. Cygwin/X comes with a file called
   startxwin.bat that launches an X Server, a terminal, and a window
   manager.
     __________________________________________________________________

Command Line Parameters

   Cygwin/X, by default, runs in windowed mode with the largest window
   that will fit on your Windows desktop, using the best performing engine
   that is installed on your system; you do not need to pass any
   parameters to XWin.exe to use the default behavior. Below is the syntax
   for XWin.exe parameters.

   XWin.exe
   [-help]
   [-clipboard [-nounicodeclipboard] ]
   [-clipupdates clip_updates_above_n ]
   [-emulate3buttons timeout_in_milliseconds ]
   [-engine engine_number ]
   [-fullscreen [-depth depth_in_bits_per_pixel ] [-refresh
   refresh_rate_in_herz ] ]
   [-ignoreinput]
   [-lesspointer]
   [-multiwindow]
   [-multimonitors]
   [-nodecoration]
   [-rootless]
   [-screen screen_number width height ...]
   [-scrollbars]
   [-[no]trayicon]
   [-[no]unixkill]
   [-[no]winkill]
   [-[no]keyhook]
   [-swcursor]
   [-xkbrules XKBRules ]
   [-xkbmodel XKBModel ]
   [-xkblayout XKBLayout ]
   [-xkbvariant XKBVariant ]
   [-xkboptions XKBOptions ]
   [-logfile path_to_logfile ]
   [-logverbose verbosity_level ]

   Below is an example command line for XWin.exe.

   XWin.exe -screen 0 800 600 -fullscreen -depth 32 -refresh 85
   -emulate3buttons 100 -nowinkill -unixkill

   Table 3-1. Parameter Descriptions
   Parameter Description

   [-help]

   Print a list of supported commandline options and their description
   similar to this list.

   [-clipboard [-nounicodeclipboard] ]

   Enables the integrated version of xwinclip, which provides integration
   between the Cygwin/X clipboard and Windows clipboard. Do not use in
   conjunction with the xwinclip program.

   -nounicodeclipboard disables Unicode clipboard even if Cygwin/X is
   running on a NT-based platform

   [-clipupdates clip_updates_above_n ]

   Groups together the regions in each update to the screen when there are
   more than the specified number of regions in an update. This works by
   fitting a clipping region around the updated regions, then transferring
   that entire region of the shadow frame buffer to the screen, rather
   than making many individual calls to transfer small portions of the
   shadow frame buffer to the screen. This has a diminished effect on
   NT-based platforms because they already group GDI operations together
   in a batch, which has a similar effect.

   [-emulate3buttons timeout_in_milliseconds ]

   Note: scroll wheel mice often allow you to click the scroll wheel for
   middle mouse button functionality. Thus, most users with a scroll wheel
   mouse will not need to use this parameter.

   This option allows users with a two-button mouse to emulate a third
   mouse button by pressing both mouse buttons within the optional timeout
   specified in milliseconds. The default timeout is 50 milliseconds.

   [-engine engine_number ]

   Do not use this parameter unless you are a Cygwin/X developer or are
   instructed by a Cygwin/X developer to do so.

   Cygwin/X's default behavior is to determine if DirectDraw or
   DirectDraw4 are present, then to examine the -depth and -fullscreen
   parameters to determine the engine with optimum performance that
   supports the specified depth and window configuration.

   [-fullscreen [-depth depth_in_bits_per_pixel ] [-refresh
   refresh_rate_in_herz ] ]

   The -fullscreen parameter tells Cygwin/X to open a given screen in
   fullscreen mode.

   The -depth parameter can only be used with -fullscreen and a DirectDraw
   based engine to specify the display depth that should be used for the
   fullscreen Cygwin/X screen.

   The -refresh parameter can only be used with -fullscreen and a
   DirectDraw based engine to specify the refresh rate that should be used
   for the fullscreen Cygwin/X screen.

   [-ignoreinput]

   Ignore keyboard and mouse input. This is usually only use for testing
   and debugging purposes.

   [-lesspointer]

   Hide the Windows mouse cursor when the mouse is over any Cygwin/X
   window (regardless of whether that window is active or inactive). This
   prevents the Windows mouse cursor from being placed overtop of the X
   cursor.

   [-multimonitors]

   Create a root window that covers all monitors on a system with multiple
   monitors.

   [-multiwindow]

   Start the integrated Windows-based window manager, which launches each
   top-level X window in its own Windows window. Not to be used together
   with -rootless nor -fullscreen.

   [-nodecoration]

   Do not give the Cygwin/X window a Windows window border, title bar,
   etc. This parameter only applies to windowed mode screens, i.e., this
   parameter is ignored when the -fullscreen parameter is specified.

   [-rootless]

   Use a transparent root window with an external window manager (such as
   twm). Not to be used with -multiwindow nor with -fullscreen.

   [-screen screen_number width height ...]

   This parameter does not have to be specified. Cygwin/X's default
   behavior is to create a single screen that is roughly the size of the
   current Windows display area.

   This parameter may be used to specify the screen number, height, and
   width of one or several Cygwin/X screens; each Cygwin/X screen will be
   opened in its own window. When using multiple screens, be sure not to
   duplicate any screen numbers. Do note that, as of 2002-01-08, using
   multiple screens is not fully implemented; there are several bugs that
   must be fixed by someone that uses the multiple screens feature.

   Screen specific parameters, such as -fullscreen, can be applied as a
   default to all screens by placing those screen specific parameters
   before any -screen parameter. Screen specific parameters placed after
   the first -screen parameter will apply only to the immediately
   preceeding -screen parameter.

   [-scrollbars]

   Enable resizing of the server display window. Do not use in conjunction
   with -multiwindow nor with -rootless.

   [-[no]trayicon]

   Enable or disable the tray icon; the default is to enable the tray
   icon.

   [-[no]unixkill]

   Enable or disable the Ctrl-Alt-Backspace key combo as a signal to exit
   Cygwin/X. The Ctrl-Alt-Backspace key combo is disabled by default.

   [-[no]winkill]

   Enable or disable the Alt-F4 key combo as a signal to exit Cygwin/X.
   The Alt-F4 key combo is enabled by default.

   [-[no]keyhook]

   Enable or disable grabbing of special windows keys like the Menu key or
   Alt-Tab. This is disabled by default.

   [-swcursor]

   Disable the use of the windows cursor and use the X11 software cursor
   instead.

   [-xkbrules XKBRules ]

   Set the rules to use for XKB. This defaults to xorg.

   [-xkbmodel XKBModel ]

   Set the model to use for XKB. This defaults to pc105.

   [-xkblayout XKBLayout ]

   Set the layout to use for XKB. This defaults to a layout matching your
   current layout from windows or us if no matching layout was found.

   [-xkbvariant XKBVariant ]

   Set the variant to use for XKB. This defaults to not set.

   [-xkboptions XKBOptions ]

   Set the options to use for XKB. This defaults to not set.

   [-logfile path_to_logfile ]

   Set the location of the logfile. This defaults to /tmp/XWin.log.

   [-logverbose verbosity_level ]

   Set the level of logging verbosity. Currently only a few log messages
   respect this setting.
     __________________________________________________________________

Chapter 4. Using Cygwin/X

Starting Cygwin/X

   There are several methods of starting the Cygwin/X X Server with a
   startup script that optionally starts initial clients and loads
   keyboard modifier maps. Several startup methods are described below.
     __________________________________________________________________

startxwin.bat

   Use a MS-DOS batch file as the startup script. An example startxwin.bat
   is included in xorg-xinit, which is installed by following the
   instructions in [40]the Section called Installing Cygwin/X in Chapter
   2. Run /usr/bin/startxwin.bat by using the "XWin Server" shortcut under
   "Cygwin-X" on the Start Menu, or starting it from a MS-DOS shell, or
   double-clicking it in Windows Explorer.
     __________________________________________________________________

startxwin.sh

   Use a sh shell script as the startup script. An example startxwin.sh is
   included in xorg-xinit, which is installed by following the
   instructions in [41]the Section called Installing Cygwin/X in Chapter
   2. Run /usr/bin/startxwin.sh in a Cygwin shell:
Username@CygwinHost ~
$ sh /usr/bin/startxwin.sh
     __________________________________________________________________

startx

   Use the standard X Window System startx script with its attendant
   ~/.xinitrc configuration file. Run startx in a Cygwin shell:
Username@CygwinHost ~
$ startx

   You may create a ~/.xinitrc from the template in /etc/X11/xinit/ and
   then customize ~/.xinitrc as required
Username@CygwinHost ~
$ cp /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc ~/.xinitrc
     __________________________________________________________________

Switching Out of Cygwin/X

   Press Alt-Tab to switch from Cygwin/X to your Windows desktop or other
   running Windows applications.
     __________________________________________________________________

Stopping Cygwin/X

   When you are done using Cygwin/X, press Alt-F4 to shutdown the X
   Server; this is the default key combination to shutdown the X Server.
   The -[no]winkill and -[no]unixkill parameters can change the set of key
   combinations that will shutdown the X Server. Using the -unixkill
   allows the Ctrl-Alt-Backspace key combination to shutdown the X Server,
   in addition to the default Alt-F4 key combination.
     __________________________________________________________________

Window Managers

   Cygwin/X works with window managers in a couple of different ways:
     * Internal window manager (a.k.a. MultiWindow Mode) that creates a
       Windows window for each top-level X window. The internal window
       manager is launched using the -multiwindow command-line parameter
       to XWin.exe. See [42]the Section called Command Line Parameters in
       Chapter 3 for more information on the -multiwindow command-line
       parameter.
     * External local window managers (e.g. twm, mwm (part of the lesstif
       package)). These local window managers must be installed on Cygwin;
       they are run locally and cannot be used together with the internal
       window manager.
     * Remote window managers via an XDMCP session, which you can read
       more about in [43]the Section called Remote Sessions via XDMCP.
     * Remote window manager launched through an ssh tunnel. This is not
       Cygwin/X-specific, so you should be able to find information about
       launching remote window managers from other sources. See [44]the
       Section called Secure ssh for more information on using ssh.
     __________________________________________________________________

Windows Clipboard Integration

   The X Window System, and thus Cygwin/X, uses its own internal clipboard
   system that is distinct from the clipboard system used by Windows.
   Copying and pasting text between these two clipboard systems requires a
   clipboard integration program that watches for updates to either
   clipboard and copies data between them when either one is updated.

   Cygwin/X has an internal clipboard integration system that is envoked
   via the -clipboard command-line parameter. See [45]the Section called
   Command Line Parameters in Chapter 3 for more information on the
   -clipboard command-line parameter.
     __________________________________________________________________

Shared Memory Support (MIT-SHM Extension)

   Shared memory is provided by the cygserver service. On Windows NT,
   Windows 2000 and Windows XP cygserver can be installed as a windows
   service.

   To install cygserver run the cygserver-config script. It will install
   the service.

   XWin.exe will not use Shared Memory if the CYGWIN does not contain the
   server keyword. Starting XWin.exe with
CYGWIN=server XWin.exe

   will enable Shared Memory support if the cygserver service is running.
     __________________________________________________________________

Remote Sessions via XDMCP

   Cygwin/X can be used login to one or several remote sessions using
   XDMCP (X Display Manager Control Protocol).

   Start Cygwin/X with a command similar to the following to login to a
   single remote session using XDMCP:

   XWin.exe -query remote_hostname_or_ip_address

   You may login to several remote sesstions with a single or multiple
   hosts using XDMCP. Each session will need a seperate display number,
   specified by the :display_number parameter, such as :0. A display
   number is not the same as a screen number, as a single display can have
   multiple screens associated with it. Each display listens on a
   different network port number, so each display can connect to multiple
   machines. Start Cygwin/X with command lines similar to the following to
   login to several remote sessions using XDMCP:

   XWin.exe :0 -query remote_hostname_or_ip_address_0

   XWin.exe :1 -query remote_hostname_or_ip_address_1

   Note that the :display_number parameter is a general X Server
   parameter, not specific to Cygwin/X. Further documentation of the
   :display_number parameter can be found in the [46]X Server manual page.
   XDMCP is a complex system that is not specific to Cygwin/X; further
   discussion of XDMCP is beyond the scope of this document. You may wish
   to read the [47]Linux XDMCP HOWTO or the [48]X Server XDMCP Options for
   more information.
     __________________________________________________________________

Displaying Remote Clients

   Displaying remote X clients with Cygwin/X is nearly identical to
   displaying remote X clients with any other X Server. You may use the
   secure ssh method, or the unsecure telnet method (not recommended).
     __________________________________________________________________

Secure ssh

   On your Windows machine:
    1. Make sure you have the openssh package installed.
    2. Launch Cygwin/X
    3. Run the following in an X terminal:

Username@CygwinHost ~
$ ssh -Y -l username remote_hostname_or_ip_address

    4. Enter your password when prompted by ssh.
    5. Your ssh session should now show you a shell prompt for your remote
       machine.
    6. You can now launch remote X clients in your ssh session, for
       example, xterm& will launch an xterm running on your remote host
       that will display on your Cygwin/X screen.
    7. Launch other remote clients in the same manner. I recommend
       starting the remote clients in the background, by appending & to
       the command name, so that you don't have to open several ssh
       sessions.
     __________________________________________________________________

Unsecure Telnet

   On your Windows machine:
    1. Make sure you have the inetutils package installed.
    2. Launch Cygwin/X
    3. In an X terminal type /usr/bin/xhost remote_hostname_or_ip_address
    4. In an X terminal type /usr/bin/telnet
       remote_hostname_or_ip_address. Use the explicit path to ensure that
       Cygwin's telnet is run instead of Microsoft's telnet; Microsoft's
       telnet will crash on startup when run from Cygwin/X.
    5. Login to your remote machine via your telnet session
    6. In your telnet session type,
       DISPLAY=windows_hostname_or_ip_address:0.0
    7. In your telnet session type, export DISPLAY
    8. You can now launch remote X clients in your telnet session, for
       example, xterm& will launch an xterm running on your remote host
       that will display on your Cygwin/X screen.
    9. Launch other remote clients in the same manner; I recommend
       starting the remote clients in the background, by appending & to
       the command name, so that you don't have to open several telnet
       sessions.
     __________________________________________________________________

Appendix A. GNU Free Documentation License

   Version 1.1, March 2000

     Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place,
     Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy
     and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but
     changing it is not allowed.
     __________________________________________________________________

0. PREAMBLE

   The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
   written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
   effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
   modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this
   License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for
   their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications
   made by others.

   This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works
   of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
   complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license
   designed for free software.

   We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
   software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
   program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
   software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it
   can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
   whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
   principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
     __________________________________________________________________

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice
   placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the
   terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual
   or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
   "you".

   A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
   Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
   modifications and/or translated into another language.

   A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
   the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
   publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
   (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
   within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
   textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
   mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
   connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
   commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
   them.

   The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
   are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
   that says that the Document is released under this License.

   The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
   as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
   the Document is released under this License.

   A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
   represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
   public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
   straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
   pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
   drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
   for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to
   text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
   whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent
   modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not
   "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

   Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
   without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML
   using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML
   designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript,
   PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
   proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
   processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
   HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

   The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus
   such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this
   License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats
   which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text
   near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
   beginning of the body of the text.
     __________________________________________________________________

2. VERBATIM COPYING

   You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
   commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
   copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
   to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
   conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
   technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
   copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
   compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
   number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
   you may publicly display copies.
     __________________________________________________________________

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
   and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
   enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these
   Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts
   on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
   you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the
   full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible.
   You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with
   changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of
   the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
   copying in other respects.

   If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
   legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
   reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
   pages.

   If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
   more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
   copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
   a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
   Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
   general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
   charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
   option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
   distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
   Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
   until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
   copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
   the public.

   It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
   Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
   them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
     __________________________________________________________________

4. MODIFICATIONS

   You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
   the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the
   Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
   Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
   and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of
   it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
    A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
       from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
       (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
       of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
       if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
    B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
       responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
       Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of
       the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than
       five).
    C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
       Version, as the publisher.
    D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
    E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent
       to the other copyright notices.
    F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
       giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
       terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
    G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
       Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
       notice.
    H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
    I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
       it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
       publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
       there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
       stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
       given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
       Version as stated in the previous sentence.
    J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
       public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
       the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
       it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You
       may omit a network location for a work that was published at least
       four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher
       of the version it refers to gives permission.
    K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
       preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
       substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
       and/or dedications given therein.
    L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
       their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent
       are not considered part of the section titles.
    M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not
       be included in the Modified Version.
    N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
       conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

   If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
   appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
   copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
   of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
   list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
   These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
   nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
   parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
   been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
   standard.

   You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
   passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
   of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover
   Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
   arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes
   a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
   arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you
   may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
   permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
   give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
   imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
     __________________________________________________________________

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
   License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
   versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
   Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
   list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
   license notice.

   The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
   multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
   copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
   different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
   adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
   author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
   Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
   Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in
   the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History";
   likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any
   sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled
   "Endorsements."
     __________________________________________________________________

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
   documents released under this License, and replace the individual
   copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that
   is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of
   this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
   respects.

   You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
   distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
   copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
   License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
   document.
     __________________________________________________________________

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
   and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
   distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of
   the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
   compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
   License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
   with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are
   not themselves derivative works of the Document.

   If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
   copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
   of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
   covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise
   they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
     __________________________________________________________________

8. TRANSLATION

   Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
   translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing
   Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from
   their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or
   all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these
   Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License
   provided that you also include the original English version of this
   License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the
   original English version of this License, the original English version
   will prevail.
     __________________________________________________________________

9. TERMINATION

   You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
   as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
   copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
   automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
   parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
   License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
   remain in full compliance.
     __________________________________________________________________

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

   The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
   GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
   will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
   detail to address new problems or concerns. See
   [49]http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

   Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
   If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
   License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
   following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
   of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
   Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
   number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
   as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
     __________________________________________________________________

How to use this License for your documents

   To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
   the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
   notices just after the title page:

     Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy,
     distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU
     Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version
     published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant
     Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being
     LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the
     license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
     License".

   If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
   instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
   Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
   LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
   recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
   free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
   permit their use in free software.

References

   1. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#overview
   2. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#setup
   3. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#setup-project-contents
   4. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#setup-cygwin-x-installing
   5. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#configure
   6. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#configure-cygwin-x-overview
   7. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#configure-cygwin-x-options
   8. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#using
   9. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#using-starting
  10. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#using-starting-bat
  11. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#using-starting-sh
  12. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#using-starting-startx
  13. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#using-switching
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  17. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#using-shared-memory
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  35. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/ug/dump.html#AEN293
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  49. http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/
