Cygwin/X Frequently Asked Questions
     __________________________________________________________________

   Table of Contents
   [1]Questions and Answers
   [2]Bibliography
   [3]Glossary
   A. [4]GNU Free Documentation License

Questions and Answers

   1. [5]General Information

        1.1. [6]What is Cygwin/X?
        1.2. [7]What is Cygwin?
        1.3. [8]What is the X Window System?
        1.4. [9]What is an X Server?
        1.5. [10]What is an X client?
        1.6. [11]What does :0.0 mean?
        1.7. [12]Why port the X Window System to Microsoft Windows?
        1.8. [13]Is there a Cygwin/X newsgroup?
        1.9. [14]Is there a Cygwin/X mailing list?

   2. [15]Installation

        2.1. [16]What versions of Windows does Cygwin/X run on?
        2.2. [17]How is Cygwin/X installed?

   3. [18]Upgrade

        3.1. [19]What happened to my X server? Where did /usr/X11R6/ go?
        3.2. [20]I upgraded my X server and now I can't type anything into
                any X application

        3.3. [21]I can't find startxwin.bat to start the X server
        3.4. [22]Fatal server error: Can't read lock file /tmp/.X0-lock
        3.5. [23]My favourite font has gone! The font Emacs uses is just
                boxes

        3.6. [24]Where has xhost/xlsfonts/etc. gone?
        3.7. [25]How do I get rid of that menu at the top of my xterm?
        3.8. [26]ssh -X now says "Warning: untrusted X11 forwarding setup
                failed: xauth key data not generated"

        3.9. [27]nedit fails to start with an error message

   4. [28]Configuration

        4.1. [29]Is there an xorg.conf or XF86Config file?
        4.2. [30]What are the command line arguments for XWin.exe?
        4.3. [31]Why does XWin.exe ignore the display depth that I pass on
                the command line?

        4.4. [32]I have a two button mouse, can I emulate a three button
                mouse?

        4.5. [33]Is there a Focus-Follows-Mouse feature (Auto-Focus)?
        4.6. [34]The option -nounixkill has no effect. How can i prevent
                the server shutdown an Ctrl-Alt-BackSpace?

        4.7. [35]I have a multihead system. Do I need special options to
                make it work? I have a multihead system. Why are my
                X-application windows white?

        4.8. [36]I have a firewall. Is there anything I have to take care
                of?

   5. [37]Internationalization

        5.1. [38]Keyboard support

              5.1.1. [39]How do I use a non-U.S. keyboard layout?
              5.1.2. [40]I there a way to add a layout to the list of
                      autodetected?

              5.1.3. [41]Where can I find an xmodmap for my non-U.S.
                      keyboard layout?

              5.1.4. [42]How do I get my non-U.S. keyboard modmap to be
                      installed when using xdmcp?

              5.1.5. [43]Logging into AIX via XDMCP causes the keyboard to
                      function as if AltGr is permanently pressed.

              5.1.6. [44]Loading XKB keymaps fails
              5.1.7. [45]I have Windows XP with Powertoys installed and
                      AltGr does not work. What can I do?

              5.1.8. [46]AltGr does not work properly when connecting to
                      other unices or to old XFree86.

        5.2. [47]Display problems

              5.2.1. [48]How do I get bash to display accents and/or
                      umlauts?

              5.2.2. [49]How do I put bash into "8 bit" mode?

   6. [50]Remote connections

        6.1. [51]X11Forwarding does not work with OpenSSH under Cygwin
        6.2. [52]Why do remote programs crash with X Error of failed
                request: BadAtom?

   7. [53]XDMCP connections

        7.1. [54]XDMCP fatal error: Session declined No valid address
        7.2. [55]Why does Cygwin/X report AUDIT: client 1 rejected from IP
                remotehost?

        7.3. [56]I get no login screen when using -query
        7.4. [57]XDMCP does not work with Mandrake 8.1
        7.5. [58]Why does GDM not work with -clipboard
        7.6. [59]I get no login screen for Solaris
        7.7. [60]XDMCP freezes with remote Solaris machine!
        7.8. [61]Login to CDE on Solaris via XDMCP hangs Cygwin/X.
        7.9. [62]Where can I find more information about XDMCP.

   8. [63]Troubleshooting

        8.1. [64]Cygwin/X failed with "Fatal Error". What does this mean?
        8.2. [65]Is there a log file that I can look at for diagnostic
                information and error messages?

        8.3. [66]I have a specific error message, what does it mean?
        8.4. [67]I have a specific error message that is not addressed in
                the Error and Warning Messages section.

        8.5. [68]My bug report the Cygwin/X mailing list was ignored. What
                do I do now?

        8.6. [69]Why does Cygwin/X freeze right after startup?
        8.7. [70]Cygwin/X has very poor performance. What's the reason?
        8.8. [71]I have Microsoft Services for Unix installed and can't
                type anything. Help me!!!

        8.9. [72]Cygwin/X is extremely slow, especially when using XDMCP
                to connect to remote machines.

        8.10. [73]IBM ThinkPad's with a TrackPoint mouse doesn't allow
                simulated mouse wheel scrolling.

        8.11. [74]Why is the root window not shown in normal mode?
        8.12. [75]Why is the cross the default cursor in multiwindow mode?
        8.13. [76]How can I adjust the linewidth in bash after resizing
                XTerm?

        8.14. [77]Why do some menus not work if Num-Lock is on?

   9. [78]Error and Warning Messages

        9.1. [79]_XSERVTransmkdir: Owner of /tmp/.X11-unix should be set
                to root

        9.2. [80]error opening security policy file
                /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xserver/SecurityPolicy

        9.3. [81]Duplicate invocation on display number: 0. Exiting.
        9.4. [82]Fatal server error: could not open default font 'fixed'
        9.5. [83]Could not init font path element /usr/share/fonts/*/,
                removing from list!

        9.6. [84]The procedure entry point _check_for_executable could not
                be located

        9.7. [85]cygX11-6.dll not found after installation or upgrade
        9.8. [86]Exception: STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION
        9.9. [87]Xlib: connection to "local_host_name_or_ip_address:0.0"
                refused by server Xlib: Maximum number of clients reached

        9.10. [88]XIO: fatal IO error 104 (Connection reset by peer) on X
                server "127.0.0.1:0.0"

        9.11. [89]Cannot Open Display: 127.0.0.1:0.0
        9.12. [90]Out of environment space
        9.13. [91]Too many parameters
        9.14. [92]"xcb_xlib_lock: Assertion '!c->xlib.lock' failed." or
                "xcb_xlib_unlock: Assertion 'c->xlib.lock' failed."

   10. [93]Porting Software

        10.1. [94]Is there a list of software that has been ported to
                Cygwin/X?

        10.2. [95]How do I start porting software to Cygwin/X?
        10.3. [96]Are there common problems encountered when porting
                software to Cygwin/X?

   11. [97]Contributing

        11.1. [98]Are there step-by-step instructions for contributing to
                Cygwin/X?

        11.2. [99]Are there editors for Windows that understand and
                preserve UNIX end of line characters?

        11.3. [100]How should I generate patches for Cygwin/X?
        11.4. [101]Where do I submit patches for Cygwin/X?
        11.5. [102]Why doesn't the X Window System use GNU's autoconf?
        11.6. [103]What compiler does Cygwin/X use, and which compilers
                are supported?

        11.7. [104]Is cross-compiling from a non-Cygwin platform
                supported?

        11.8. [105]Where can I get help for installing DocBook on Cygwin?

   12. [106]Licenses, Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights

        12.1. [107]What licenses apply to Cygwin/X source code?
        12.2. [108]What licenses apply to the X Window System source code?
        12.3. [109]What license applies to Cygwin source code?
        12.4. [110]Who holds the copyright on the Cygwin/X source code?
        12.5. [111]Who holds the copyright on the X Window System source
                code?

        12.6. [112]Who holds the copyright on the Cygwin source code?
        12.7. [113]What license applies to Motif?
        12.8. [114]Isn't "XWin" trademarked by StarNet Communications?

1. General Information

   1.1. What is Cygwin/X?

   Cygwin/X is a port of the X Window System to Cygwin. Cygwin provides a
   UNIX-like API on the Win32 platform.

   1.2. What is Cygwin?

   Cygwin tools are, in the words of the [115]Cygwin homepage, "ports of
   the popular GNU development tools and utilities for Windows 95, 98, and
   NT. They function by using the Cygwin library which provides a
   UNIX-like API on top of the Win32 API." Cygwin provides the compiler
   (gcc), libraries, headers, and other utilities which build and support
   the operation of Cygwin/X.

   1.3. What is the X Window System?

   [ScheiflerGettys92]

   The X Window System, or X, is a network-transparent window system. With
   X, multiple applications can run simultaneously in windows, generating
   text and graphics in monochrome or color on a bitmap display. Network
   transparency means that application programs can run on machines
   scattered through the network.

   1.4. What is an X Server?

   An X Server is a program that provides display and user input services
   to other programs. In comparison, a file server provides other programs
   with access to file storage devices. File servers are typically located
   in a remote location and you use the services of a file server from the
   machine that you are located at. In contrast, an X Server is typically
   running on the machine that you are located at; display and user input
   services may be requested by programs running on your machine, as well
   as by programs running on remote machines.

   1.5. What is an X client?

   An X client is a program that utilizes the display and user input
   services provided by an X Server. X clients may run on the same or
   disparate machine as the X Server that is providing display and user
   input services.

   1.6. What does :0.0 mean?

   The :0.0 part of the DISPLAY variable denote the display and the screen
   of an X server.

   The display is the first number and equals to a running instance of an
   X server. If it is using TCP/IP for communication it listens on port
   6000 + display-number for connections. With local (UNIX domain sockets)
   it uses the socket /tmp/.X11-unix/Xdisplay-number

   The screen denotes different output devices of the X server. You could
   start XWin.exe with two -screen options and would end up with two X11
   windows. Each of them is a different screen. Other X servers open
   different screens for different monitors connected to the computer.

   Cygwin/X supports different formats of the DISPLAY variable
     * :0.0 or unix:0.0
       This names a local X server and the communication uses the UNIX
       domain sockets.
     * hostname:0.0
       This names a remote X server and the communication uses the TCP/IP
       network.

   1.7. Why port the X Window System to Microsoft Windows?

   Porting X Window System to Microsoft Windows benefits many people and
   projects in many ways:
     * Prior to Cygwin/X only commercial, closed source X Servers were
       available for Microsoft Windows.
     * An X Server on Windows may be used to display the output of
       programs running on remote UNIX machines.
     * Cygwin/X, in conjunction with Cygwin, provides a complete
       compatibility layer for compiling and running UNIX applications on
       Microsoft Windows.

   1.8. Is there a Cygwin/X newsgroup?

   No, Cygwin/X does not have a newsgroup; however, we do have a mailing
   list. See [116]Q: 1.9.

   1.9. Is there a Cygwin/X mailing list?

   Yes, Cygwin/X has a mailing list, namely, cygwin-xfree@cygwin.com.
   Visit the [117]Cygwin Mailing Lists page to subscribe to
   cygwin-xfree@cygwin.com as well as to read and search an online archive
   of the mailing list traffic.

     Tip: Post your X-related inquires to cygwin-xfree@cygwin.com only;
     do not post nor cross post your inquires to the cygwin@cygwin.com
     mailing list. Cygwin's mailing list is only for Cygwin related
     inquires that are not handled by another more-specific list.

2. Installation

   2.1. What versions of Windows does Cygwin/X run on?

   Cygwin/X aims to support all versions of Windows supported by Cygwin.
   However, Cygwin/X has not been tested on older versions of Windows and
   is believed to be broken. Problem reports are welcomed.

   Cygwin/X requires Cygwin to compile and run. Cygwin is not, as of
   2003-12-29, available on Microsoft Windows CE, therefore Cygwin/X is
   not currently available on Microsoft Windows CE.

   2.2. How is Cygwin/X installed?

   The [118]Cygwin/X User's Guide thoroughly documents the installation
   process. Installation is performed through Cygwin's setup.exe program.

3. Upgrade

   3.1. What happened to my X server? Where did /usr/X11R6/ go?

   The upgrade from X.Org R6.8 to modular X.Org R7.4 makes a lot of
   changes. Please [119]read the announce email and pay attention to the
   upgrade instructions

   3.2. I upgraded my X server and now I can't type anything into any X
   application

   Launch the X server via the shortcut under "Cygwin-X" on the start
   menu.

   Technical details: The startxwin.bat script used to set several
   enviroment variables used by the X server to specify the location of
   files it needs to access. Specifically this batch file would set
   XKEYSYMDB to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XKeysymDB. This file is now at
   /usr/share/X11/XKeysymDB, and without it the keyboard won't work.

   If you are (perhaps unintentionally) using a copy of the old
   startxwin.bat (perhaps under another name) to start the X server,
   remove the environment variables XAPPLRESDIR, XCMSDB, XNLSPATH and
   XKEYSYMDB from it, or (preferrably) use the updated startxwin.bat.

   If echo $XKEYSYMDB outputs something, you have something else setting
   XKEYSYMDB in your environment. Find it and remove it.

   These variables were always being set to the defaults, so they can
   simply be removed. See [120]Q: 8.8. for the reason why you might need
   to set them.

   3.3. I can't find startxwin.bat to start the X server

   X.Org now uses the prefix /usr not /usr/X11R6. So startxwin.bat has
   moved from /usr/X11R6/bin/startxwin.bat to /usr/bin/startxwin.bat.

   A "XWin Server" shortcut to this batch file is created on the Start
   menu, under "Cygwin-X"

   startxwin.bat and the Start menu link to it are now installed by the
   xinit package.

   3.4. Fatal server error: Can't read lock file /tmp/.X0-lock

   The cause of this problem is not well understood at present. Possible
   causes:
    1. /tmp resides on a FAT filesystem
    2. Bad permissions on /tmp
    3. Not having administrator rights

   Possible workarounds:
    1. Try starting the server with -nolock (e.g. if you use startxwin.bat
       or startxwin.sh to start the server, add -nolock to the XWin line
       in that script; if you use xinit or startx, run it as xinit --
       -nolock or startx -- -nolock)
    2. Try rm -rf /tmp; mkdir /tmp ; chmod 1777 /tmp

   Technical details: The X server attempts to create a lock file in /tmp
   by creating the file under a temporary name, then renaming it to the
   proper name (by hard linking it under the correct name, then unlinking
   it from the temporary name). If this rename fails it attempts to read
   the existing lock file to determine the pid of an already running
   server. The failure case appears to be that lock file was created
   successfully, but the rename failed, despite the fact that no old lock
   file exists, which we then fail to read (hence the error message).

   3.5. My favourite font has gone! The font Emacs uses is just boxes

   Only minimal fonts will be installed after the upgrade.

   Font packages are now named font-<author/class>-<fonttype>

   Some packages dependencies have not yet been updated for the fonts they
   require, so you may need to manually install the needed fonts. For
   example, to provide the font emacs wants to use by default you will
   probably want to install font-adobe-dpi75 (or font-adobe-dpi100 if you
   like large fonts). This package provides the courier, helvetica, new
   century schoolbook and times font families.

   The lucida font family is provided by the package font-bh-dpi75 (or
   font-bh-dpi100). The monospaced version, lucida typewriter is provided
   by the package font-bh-lucidatypewriter-dpi75 (or
   font-bh-lucidatypewriter-dpi100).

   Note that after installing fonts you will need to restart the X server
   or run xset fp default; xset fp rehash to make the new fonts available

   3.6. Where has xhost/xlsfonts/etc. gone?

   Previously all the X utility programs were contained in a single
   package, xorg-x11-bin, which needed to be updated when any of the
   programs it contained was updated. In modular X each of these programs
   can be found in a separate package, usually named xhost/xlsfont/etc.

   3.7. How do I get rid of that menu at the top of my xterm?

   Run it as xterm +tb, or add XTerm*toolBar: false to ~/.Xdefaults

   3.8. ssh -X now says "Warning: untrusted X11 forwarding setup failed:
   xauth key data not generated"

   See [121]Q: 6.1.. See [122]point 3 in this mail. Use ssh -Y.

   Technical details: ssh tried to run xauth generate to create a
   untrusted cookie for the session, which failed because the server isn't
   compiled with the XCSECURITY extension built-in.

   3.9. nedit fails to start with an error message

$ nedit
X Error of failed request:  BadMatch (invalid parameter attributes)
  Major opcode of failed request:  70 (X_PolyFillRectangle)
  Serial number of failed request:  some number
  Current serial number in output stream:  some other number

   nedit needs rebuilding with a patch to work around an issue lesstif has
   with current X servers.

   Until this happemns, you can work around the issue by adding
   XLIB_SKIP_ARGB_VISUALS to your enviroment, e.g.
$ export XLIB_SKIP_ARGB_VISUALS=1
$ nedit

4. Configuration

   4.1. Is there an xorg.conf or XF86Config file?

   No. But most of the options which were configurable in the configfile
   are now available as command line options. For more information on
   configuring other keyboard layouts see [123]Q: 5.1.1.

   4.2. What are the command line arguments for XWin.exe?

   The [124]Cygwin/X User's Guide documents the command line arguments for
   XWin.exe.

   4.3. Why does XWin.exe ignore the display depth that I pass on the
   command line?

   When running in windowed mode or GDI-based fullscreen mode, XWin.exe
   must run the X Server at whatever display depth Windows is currently
   using; in these cases the display depth passed on the command line is
   ignored. XWin.exe only uses the display depth parameter when running in
   a DirectDraw-based fullscreen mode, as DirectDraw allows applications
   to change the display resolution and depth when running in fullscreen
   mode.

   4.4. I have a two button mouse, can I emulate a three button mouse?

   Yes. Pass the -emulate3buttons timeout_in_milliseconds parameter to
   XWin.exe, where timeout_in_milliseconds is the, optional, maximum
   number of milliseconds between a button release and opposite button
   press that will trigger an emulated third button press.

   4.5. Is there a Focus-Follows-Mouse feature (Auto-Focus)?

   This is a setting of the windowmanager used. The default windowmanager
   twm has no such feature. But with fvwm2 this can be achieved with the
   this configuration entry:
Focus FocusFollowsMouse

   Other windowmanagers (eg. windowmaker) have similar features too.

   If you are using the -multiwindow mode you can not set this behaviour
   in the windowmanager but you can use the TweakUI tool to enable this
   feature for all windows, not limited to Cygwin/X windows.

   4.6. The option -nounixkill has no effect. How can i prevent the server
   shutdown an Ctrl-Alt-BackSpace?

   There is a keybinding to Ctrl-Alt-BackSpace which is named
   TerminateServer. Remove this binding and Ctrl-Alt-BackSpace will have
   no effect.
xmodmap -e "keycode 22 = BackSpace"

   4.7. I have a multihead system. Do I need special options to make it
   work? I have a multihead system. Why are my X-application windows
   white?

   You should start XWin.exe with the -multiplemonitors options

   4.8. I have a firewall. Is there anything I have to take care of?

   XWin.exe uses port 6000/TCP by default. You will have to allow incoming
   and outgoing traffic on this port even if you are only using local
   clients. XWin.exe has a builtin access control so you won't have to
   worry about opening the port. If you are still concerned about
   security, you may limit the allowed hosts to 127.0.0.1 (localhost) and
   the local IP addresses.

   If you use a different DISPLAY variable check section [125]Q: 1.6. for
   details about which ports are used. For additional information about
   firewalls and XDMCP connections check [126]Q: 7.4..

5. Internationalization

5.1. Keyboard support

   5.1.1. How do I use a non-U.S. keyboard layout?

   Some keyboard layouts are autodetected from the Windows keyboard
   settings. For these layouts no special change is needed. For all other
   layouts there is the possibility to configure the layout via
   commandline options.

   The mainoption for changing the layout is -xkblayout countrycode where
   countrycode is in most cases the 2 character code which also represents
   the country in internet adresses (e.g. Australia = au, Deutschland =
   de, France = fr, Japan = jp)

   Other options for tweaking the XKB layout are -xkbmodel,-xkbvariant,
   -xkboptions and -xkbrules. These are the counterparts for the similar
   named options known from the xorg.conf file.

   If the loading fails, check [127]Q: 5.1.6.

   5.1.2. I there a way to add a layout to the list of autodetected?

   If your keyboard layout is not automatically detected you can send the
   required information for including it into Cygwin/X to
   cygwin-xfree@cygwin.com. Please include the following information in
   your mail:
     * The windows keyboard layout code and the layout name
       You will find it in /var/log/XWin.0.log in lines similar to these:

(--) winConfigKeyboard - Layout: "00001809" (00001809)
(EE) Keyboardlayout "Irish" (00001809) is unknown

     * The XKB layout code for this layout if you know it. Please
       experiment with setxkbmap or -xkblayout (as described in [128]Q:
       5.1.1.) to find a XKB layout code which works for you, otherwise
       the maintainers will have to guess it.
     * A description how the layout looks like. This makes it easy to
       identify the matching XKB layout code. Many layouts are available
       from the [129]Microsoft Global Dev website. Just add a link to your
       layout.

   5.1.3. Where can I find an xmodmap for my non-U.S. keyboard layout?

   This question should be obsolete The package xkeyboard-config should
   contain just about any needed layout

   Or, you can use xkeycaps to automatically generate a modmap for one of
   over 208 different layouts. See the [130]xkeycaps home page to download
   and for more information.

   5.1.4. How do I get my non-U.S. keyboard modmap to be installed when
   using xdmcp?

   See [131]Q: 5.1.1.

   5.1.5. Logging into AIX via XDMCP causes the keyboard to function as if
   AltGr is permanently pressed.

   [Pavel Rybnicek] The X Keyboard Extension doesn't work with AIX. The X
   Keyboard Extension is enabled by default, so you must disable it with
   the -kb parameter. An example command line follows.

   XWin.exe -kb -query aix_hostname_or_ip_address

   5.1.6. Loading XKB keymaps fails

   First check if you are able to change the server to another layout via
   XKB. The german layout will be good for testing:
setxkbmap de -model pc105

   This worked if pressing "Shift" and "8" produces "(" instead of "*". If
   it worked then you can skip the next paragraph.

   There is currently a problem with the /tmp directory mounted in
   textmode. You can change the setting to binmode with:
mount -b "$(cygpath -m /tmp)" /tmp

   If this fails with an errormessage stating unsufficient rights, try
mount -b -u "$(cygpath -m /tmp)" /tmp

   Not all keyboard layouts are tested very well and some contain errors
   or do not work at all. To test if the compiling of your layout works
   start
setxkbmap de -print | xkbcomp -w3 -xkm - localhost:0.0

   (replace the "de" with your layout code). This may produce warnings,
   but must not produce errors. If there are errors then please report
   them to the mailinglist.

   XXX: This answer needs updating

   5.1.7. I have Windows XP with Powertoys installed and AltGr does not
   work. What can I do?

   This problem is solved in recent Cygwin/X releases. Use cygwin setup to
   upgrade the xorg-server package.

   5.1.8. AltGr does not work properly when connecting to other unices or
   to old XFree86.

   The older X11 releases on the various commercial unices define the
   AltGr key as ModeSwitch, MetaR, AltR or similar. Cygwin/X expects it to
   be ISO_Level3_Switch. For reasons unknown to us this is reset when
   logging into the remote host. As far as we don't have access to such a
   machine we are unable to track this down and find a reason.

   Sometimes it does help to run
DISPLAY=:0.0 setxkbmap languagecode

   from a cygwin shell. For more information see [132]Q: 5.1.1..

5.2. Display problems

   5.2.1. How do I get bash to display accents and/or umlauts?

   (Heinz Peter Hippenstiel) Add the following lines to .inputrc in your
   Cygwin home directory (e.g. /home/harold/):
set meta-flag on
set output-meta on # to show 8-bit characters
set convert-meta off # to show it as character, not the octal representation

# Mapping for German umlauts
"\M-a": ""
"\M-A": ""
"\M-o": ""
"\M-O": ""
"\M-u": ""
"\M-U": ""
"\M-s": ""
# (TODO: Mapping for accents?)

   5.2.2. How do I put bash into "8 bit" mode?

   See [133]Q: 5.2.1.

6. Remote connections

   6.1. X11Forwarding does not work with OpenSSH under Cygwin

   A1:

   OpenSSH 3.8 enables untrusted X11 forwarding by default when connecting
   to an ssh server that supports untrusted [134]X11Forwarding. Most ssh
   servers for GNU/Linux are versions of OpenSSH that do support untrusted
   X11Forwarding, so using OpenSSH 3.8 from Cygwin will result in a
   connection that uses untrusted X11Forwarding by default. You will
   quickly notice that this is the case if most of your X applications are
   now killed when you try to copy and paste or if xdpyinfo returns only a
   fraction of the supported extensions that it does if run locally.

   It is easiest to just override untrusted X11Forwarding by passing -Y to
   ssh in place of -X. The -Y does the same thing as -X, but it enables
   trusted X11Forwarding for the current connection.

   A2:

   Before establishing the ssh connection the xserver must be started and
   the environment variable DISPLAY must be set for ssh.
$ DISPLAY=localhost:0.0
$ export DISPLAY
$ ssh -Y remotehost

   or
$ DISPLAY=localhost:0.0 ssh -Y remotehost

   The parameter -Y enables trusted X11Forwarding. This is available since
   OpenSSH 3.8. If you have an older version of ssh you will have to use
   -X.

   A3:

   Make sure you're not starting ssh with the parameter -x (lowercase).
   This disables X11Forwarding.

   A4:

   Check that X11Forwarding is not disabled in the openssh client
   configuration.

   The configfiles are by default ~/.ssh/config and /etc/ssh_config. The
   file in the home directory overrides settings in the global one.

   The configfile is split into various sections starting with "Host
   wildcard". The section applies to all hosts where wildcard matches the
   hostname.

   If this section contains an entry "ForwardX11 no" then X11Forwarding is
   disabled. To enable it change the entry to:
ForwardX11 yes

   Starting with OpenSSH 3.8 you will need the switch "ForwardX11Trusted
   yes" in the client configuration to allow remote clients full access to
   the xserver. Without it some clients will fail with a similar error:
 X Error of failed request: BadAtom (invalid Atom parameter)
  Major opcode of failed request: 18 (X_ChangeProperty)
  Atom id in failed request: 0x114
  Serial number of failed request: 370
  Current serial number in output stream: 372

   The commandline switch -Y does the same.

   A5:

   Check that X11Forwarding is not disabled in the ssh server
   configuration.

   The configfile is by default /etc/ssh/sshd_config. If there is an entry
   "X11Forwarding no" then X11Forwarding is disabled.

   If you have write access to the config file then change it to
X11Forwarding yes

   Otherwise ask your you admin to change this for you.

   A6:

   [Frederick W. Wheeler] If the remote machine is a Windows machine using
   Cygwin OpenSSH server, make sure the Cygwin xauth package is installed
   on the remote machine. The OpenSSH server needs to be able to run xauth
   to do X11 Forwarding.

   6.2. Why do remote programs crash with X Error of failed request:
   BadAtom?

   Starting with OpenSSH 3.8 you will need to set "ForwardX11Trusted yes"
   in the client configuration to allow remote clients full access to the
   xserver. Without it some clients will fail with a similar error:
 X Error of failed request: BadAtom (invalid Atom parameter)
  Major opcode of failed request: 18 (X_ChangeProperty)
  Atom id in failed request: 0x114
  Serial number of failed request: 370
  Current serial number in output stream: 372

   The commandline switch -Y does the same. See also [135]Q: 6.1.

7. XDMCP connections

   7.1. XDMCP fatal error: Session declined No valid address

   Cygwin/X is sometimes unable to determine which local network
   interface's address should be reported to the [136]XDMCP server; in
   these cases you need to pass -from local_host_name_or_ip_address to
   XWin.exe to specify which interface address to report.

   7.2. Why does Cygwin/X report AUDIT: client 1 rejected from IP
   remotehost?

   The problem is most likely a wrong DNS (Network name resolution). Make
   sure your windows host has a hostname which is valid from linux too and
   an IP address which linux can resolve to that hostname.

   If you add a line
192.168.26.1 myhost

   to /etc/hosts on the [137]XDMCP server with the IP address and the
   hostname of your windows host the name resolution should work.

   7.3. I get no login screen when using -query

   Disabled XDMCP on servers

   [Mika Laitio] For security reasons, [138]XDMCP is not enabled by
   default on most Linux/UNIX/*NIX/*BSD distributions (RedHat, Mandrake,
   SuSE, FreeBSD, NetBSD, etc.) by default. You have to manually enable
   remote logins to your X Display Manager (xdm, kdm, or gdm). The
   location of the proper config file is distribution/OS dependent, but a
   short list of known config file locations is given in [139]Table 1. You
   must change the line:
[Xdmcp]
Enable=false

   to:
[Xdmcp]
Enable=true

   or for xdm style configuration:
DisplayManager.requestPort:     0

   to:
!DisplayManager.requestPort:     0

   Table 1. Known XDM Configuration File Locations
   Distribution/OS  Version  Display Manager          Location
   Linux Mandrake   8.1      kdm             /usr/share/config/kdm/kdmrc
   Debian GNU/Linux Unstable kdm             /etc/kde3/kdm/kdmrc
   Debian GNU/Linux Unstable gdm             /etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf
   Debian GNU/Linux Unstable xdm             /etc/X11/xdm/xdm-config
   Debian GNU/Linux Unstable wdm             /etc/X11/wdm/wdm-config

   XDMCP and firewalls

   [140]XDMCP will not work correctly if you have a personal firewall
   installed or the built-in firewall of Windows is activated.

   The XDMCP protocol will send and receive data on port 177/UDP. But the
   actual connections will be made to the local port 6000/TCP. It is safe
   to allow connections since the xserver has an own security layer. An
   overview of used ports is given in [141]Table 2.

   Table 2. Ports used with XDMCP connections
   Port Protocol Direction Comment
   177 UDP Incoming/Outgoing Actual XDMCP connection
   6000+display TCP Incoming Connection for X11 clients. display is usally
   0 except you specify it on the commandline.

   7.4. XDMCP does not work with Mandrake 8.1

   See [142]Q: 7.3.

   7.5. Why does GDM not work with -clipboard

   Newer versions of GDM have a more complex startup mechanism than the
   other display manager have. This can interfere with the way the
   clipboard integration client is started.

   Workaround: add (or modify) this section in the gdm.conf (or
   /etc/gdm/custom.conf) file.
[daemon]
KillInitClients=false

   7.6. I get no login screen for Solaris

   See also [143]Q: 7.7. and [144]Q: 7.8.

   [David Dawson] For whatever reason, certain versions of Solaris need
   fonts that are not provided by Cygwin/X; the result is that you may see
   the Solaris background tile and the hourglass cursor, but the XDM login
   prompt will never appear. The simplest solution is to point Cygwin/X at
   the font server that is usually running on the Solaris machine. You'll
   need a command line similar to the following to start your [145]XDMCP
   session and to connect to the Solaris font server:

   XWin.exe -query solaris_hostname_or_ip_address -fp
   tcp/solaris_hostname_or_ip_address:7100

     Note: The -fp parameter is a general X Server parameter, it is not
     specific to Cygwin/X; therefore, the -fp is documented in the [146]X
     Server manual page. For additional information about fonts, see
     [147]Fonts in X11R6.7.

   The standard port number for a font server is 7100, however, you may
   need to ask your system administrator what the font server port number
   is if you cannot connect to a font server on port 7100. It is also
   possible that your Solaris machine is not running a font server, in
   which case you will need to consult your Solaris documentation for
   instructions on how to run a font server.

   7.7. XDMCP freezes with remote Solaris machine!

   See also [148]Q: 7.6. and [149]Q: 7.8.

   Solaris appears to not support certain display bit depths, such as 24
   bits per pixel. Change your Windows display bit depth to 8, 16, or 32
   and try logging in again. File a complaint with Sun if this issue is
   important to you, or change your Solaris machines to use XFree86
   instead of the Solaris X Window System.

   7.8. Login to CDE on Solaris via XDMCP hangs Cygwin/X.

   See also [150]Q: 7.6. and [151]Q: 7.7.

   Install the [152]recommended set of patches for your version of
   Solaris.

   7.9. Where can I find more information about XDMCP.

   See the [153]Linux XDMCP HOWTO for more information about XDMCP.

8. Troubleshooting

   8.1. Cygwin/X failed with "Fatal Error". What does this mean?

   The Fatal Error is a general error message. More specific information
   what caused this is available in /var/log/XWin.0.log. Please check the
   common error messages in [154]the Section called Error and Warning
   Messages. If your error is not mentioned proceed with [155]Q: 8.4.

   8.2. Is there a log file that I can look at for diagnostic information
   and error messages?

   Yes. The Cygwin/X log file is located at /var/log/XWin.0.log. You will
   find solutions to the most common error messages in [156]the Section
   called Error and Warning Messages.

   8.3. I have a specific error message, what does it mean?

   See the Error and Warning Messages section for help with specific error
   messages. Return to this section if you do not find a specific answer
   for the error message that you have.

   8.4. I have a specific error message that is not addressed in the Error
   and Warning Messages section.

   Search the [157]Cygwin/X mailing list archives to see if the error
   message has already been reported and/or addressed. Report the error
   message to the [158]Cygwin/X mailing list, how the error message was
   caused, and the behavior of the X Server after the error message was
   generated (exit, freeze, etc.), only if the error message has not been
   reported, if the circumstances that produced the error message are
   significantly different from other reports, or if you have additional
   information regarding the error message to contribute. Please include
   /var/log/XWin.0.log in your mail. This may help us identify the cause
   of your problem quicker.

   8.5. My bug report the Cygwin/X mailing list was ignored. What do I do
   now?

   Some bug reports are deliberately ignored by project members if the bug
   in question was recently dealt with; did you [159]search the mailing
   list archives for a solution to your problem before submitting your bug
   report? Some bug reports are ignored if they do not contain sufficient
   information to understand the situation that produces the bug; did your
   bug report have enough information? Some bug reports are missed or
   forgotten, thus some valid bug reports do not receive a reply; simply
   resubmit such bug reports that have not received a response within 7
   days of submission.

   8.6. Why does Cygwin/X freeze right after startup?

   Zone Alarm 5 is known to break Cygwin/X. As a result you'll see this
   line (or a similar) as last output in /var/log/XWin.0.log
Rules = "xorg" Model = "pc101" Layout = "us" Variant = "(null)" Options = "(null
)"

   Disabling Zone Alarm will not solve this problem. You can only
   uninstall Zone Alarm 5 and switch to an earlier version (4.5 is known
   to work) or use a different personal firewall.

   Another reason is /tmp mounted in textmode. This does only happen with
   the -multiwindow and -clipboard switches because of the extra threads
   within Cygwin/X.

   You can remount /tmp to binmode with these commands:
mount -b "$(cygpath -m /tmp)" /tmp

   If this fails with an errormessage stating unsufficient rights, try
mount -b -u "$(cygpath -m /tmp)" /tmp

   8.7. Cygwin/X has very poor performance. What's the reason?

   Most likely you have installed some kind of personal firewall, VPN
   software or any other software that modifies the TCP/IP stack of
   Windows. Especially Webwasher and some other filtering software are
   known to slow down the network traffic.

   Some online virus scanners like Symantec Antivirus do slowdown Cygwin/X
   a lot. They scan every file access and network traffic which causes
   serious processing overhead beyond that from the X11 protocol and the
   unix emulation layer.

   So far there is no know solution but to disable the virus scanner
   completely.

   [Dr. Edward Wornar] Certain programs that are installed by various
   drivers and software packages can consume an incredible amount of
   system resources and processing time. One known example of such a
   program is ATI2evxx.exe, a utility installed with some ATI Technologies
   graphics card drivers. [160]Answers That Work has information on
   ATI2evxx.exe on their [161]Task List Programs - A page. You may want to
   try disabling, one-by-one, ATI2evxx.exe and other such programs until
   you find the program that is causing the slowdown.

   8.8. I have Microsoft Services for Unix installed and can't type
   anything. Help me!!!

   Microsoft Services for Unix set some environment variables which points
   Cygwin/X to outdated or not existing files. These variables are
XAPPLRESDIR
XCMSDB
XKEYSYMDB
XNLSPATH

   To have Cygwin/X work correctly you have to unset at least XKEYSYMDB.

   Reported by Juan Medina, Pavel Rozenboim

   8.9. Cygwin/X is extremely slow, especially when using XDMCP to connect
   to remote machines.

   see [162]Q: 8.7..

   8.10. IBM ThinkPad's with a TrackPoint mouse doesn't allow simulated
   mouse wheel scrolling.

   [Gerald S. Williams] The TrackPoint driver tries to send scroll up/down
   messages to the default scrollbar in a window. Cygwin/X does not use
   Windows scrollbars for X Client windows, so we must configure the
   TrackPoint driver to send standard WM_MOUSEWHEEL messages to the
   Cygwin/X window. This can be done by editing the TrackPoint
   configuration file that can be found either in
   %SYSTEM_ROOT%\System32\tp4table.dat or
   %SYSTEM_ROOT%\System32\tp4scrol.dat. Add the following to the "Pass 0
   rules"section:
; X Windows
*,*,XWin.exe,*,*,Cygwin/X,WheelStd,0,9

   8.11. Why is the root window not shown in normal mode?

   This is a small problem with run.exe. If you start XWin.exe with
   -nodecoration, -multiwindow or -fullscreen the window will come up
   normally.

   8.12. Why is the cross the default cursor in multiwindow mode?

   To workaround this add the command
   run xsetroot -cursor_name left_ptr -fg white -bg black

   to startxwin.bat

   8.13. How can I adjust the linewidth in bash after resizing XTerm?

   Try starting resize.

   8.14. Why do some menus not work if Num-Lock is on?

   The problem are programs which treat Num-Lock as modifier similar to
   Control. The programs expect a plain click but received some strange
   Num-Lock-Click combination and can't associate this with the action
   "open menu".

9. Error and Warning Messages

   9.1. _XSERVTransmkdir: Owner of /tmp/.X11-unix should be set to root

   _XSERVTransmkdir: ERROR: euid != 0,directory /tmp/.X11-unix will not be
   created

   This warning message can be ignored; it does not cause any known
   problems.

   9.2. error opening security policy file
   /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xserver/SecurityPolicy

   This error is harmless.

   9.3. Duplicate invocation on display number: 0. Exiting.

   Most likely you have started XWin.exe twice with startxwin.bat or
   startx or a similar script.

   if you start multiple instances of XWin.exe you have to start to number
   them

XWin.exe -query foo
XWin.exe :1 -query bar
XWin.exe :2 -query blubb

   Specifying no number is the same as using :0

   If you want another terminal window (which in fact is just a convenient
   side effect of running startxwin.bat) you should do this by starting
   xterm from the cygwin shell or from the startmenu entries.

   9.4. Fatal server error: could not open default font 'fixed'

   This error occurs for one of three reasons:
    1. You do not have a font package which provides the default font
       ('fixed') installed. This is rarely the problem; but in the event
       that it is the problem, just rerun Cygwin's setup.exe, select the
       font-misc-misc package and install it.
    2. The mount point for /usr/share/fonts/ was either invalid (does not
       point to a valid folder on your system) or is a text-mode mount.
       You can confirm that this is the problem by running mount from a
       Cygwin shell and checking the disk path returned for the
       /usr/share/fonts/ mount point.

     Note: You cannot reliably fix this problem by deleting your Cygwin
     installation and reinstalling it. The mount points that Cygwin was
     using will be left in your system settings and the invalid mount
     point for /usr/share/fonts/ will be used again when you perform the
     reinstallation. You SHOULD follow the instructions below to fix the
     problem.
       To fix the problem, perform the following steps:
         a. Open a Cygwin shell and run umount /usr/share/fonts/.
         b. Close the Cygwin shell.
         c. Run Cygwin's setup.exe.
         d. For each of the font packages, if they are marked Keep, then
            select Reinstall, otherwise leave them as they are:
         e. Allow Cygwin's setup.exe to download and reinstall the fonts
            packages. The key to fixing this problem is that the files
            were previously untarred into an invalid location; removing
            the mount point for the fonts directory should result in the
            files being untarred to a valid location.
    3. You chose "DOS/text" as the "Default Text File type" during Cygwin
       setup, ignoring the advice that the Default Text File Type should
       be left on Unix/binary unless you have a very good reason to switch
       it to DOS/text.
       Open a Cygwin shell and run.

umount /usr/share/fonts/
mount -f -s -b "C:/cygwin/usr/share/fonts" "/usr/share/fonts"

       Reinstall your fonts

   9.5. Could not init font path element /usr/share/fonts/*/, removing
   from list!

   These warnings are generally harmless since they indicate that default
   search paths for fonts do not actually contain fonts; this is only a
   problem if the misc path does not contain fonts and/or all of the paths
   do not contain fonts.

   If you are getting these message and the X Server is also failing to
   start, then see [163]Q: 9.4. for information on how to fix your fonts.

   9.6. The procedure entry point _check_for_executable could not be
   located

   Programs that you are attempting to use were compiled against a newer
   version of Cygwin than is currently on your system. Run Cygwin's setup
   program to update your installation to the latest version.

   9.7. cygX11-6.dll not found after installation or upgrade

   Obsolete question

   9.8. Exception: STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION

   cygwin1.dll uses a shared memory section amongst all loaded copies of
   cygwin1.dll; unfortunately, the layout and usage of the shared memory
   section changes between versions of cygwin1.dll. Loading two different
   versions of cygwin1.dll will cause the shared memory section to become
   corrupted, which almost always results in an Exception:
   STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION. You must search your filesystem(s) and remove
   all copies of cygwin1.dll except the copy in /bin. You must remove the
   different versions of cygwin1.dll even if they are not in your path, as
   programs that depend on cygwin1.dll attempt to load the file from the
   local directory before searching other paths; thus, it is rather easy,
   and common, for multiple versions of cygwin1.dll to become loaded at
   the same time if they exist on a particular system.

   9.9. Xlib: connection to "local_host_name_or_ip_address:0.0" refused by
   server Xlib: Maximum number of clients reached

   Cygwin/X queries getdtablesize () for the maximum number of client
   connections allowed; by default Cygwin returns 32 from getdtablesize
   (). Cygwin/X [164]Server Test Series release [165]Test44, released on
   2001-08-15, changes the maximum number of clients from 32 to 1024 by
   passing the square of getdtablesize () to setdtablesize ().

   9.10. XIO: fatal IO error 104 (Connection reset by peer) on X server
   "127.0.0.1:0.0"

   See [166]Q: 9.9.

   9.11. Cannot Open Display: 127.0.0.1:0.0

   Certain classes of software, such as that used for [167]Virtual Private
   Networking and [168]fire-walling may cause the IP address 127.0.0.1, or
   other local adapter addresses, to be redirected, to become inoperable
   in some way, or to be operated in a manner that violates the defined
   operation of IP address.

   As a potential remedy, try removing all instances of such software;
   this may not always fix the problem though, as some software may leave
   artifacts even after uninstallation is completed. The only way to be
   sure that you have not found a Cygwin/X bug is to install Windows on a
   freshly formatted hard drive, followed by Cygwin and Cygwin/X, and
   finally add your other software one application at a time until
   Cygwin/X stops working.

   Some products that have been reported to cause problems:

     Note: These products may not cause problems in all configurations.
     However, the Cygwin/X project has neither the time, ability, nor
     resources to help you correctly configure your third-party software.

     * Aventail Connect
     * Zonealarm PC Firewall from Zonelab

   9.12. Out of environment space

   Increase your Windows environment space by following the
   [169]instructions provided by Microsoft.

   9.13. Too many parameters

   See [170]Q: 9.12.

   9.14. "xcb_xlib_lock: Assertion '!c->xlib.lock' failed." or
   "xcb_xlib_unlock: Assertion 'c->xlib.lock' failed."

   Both of these represent bugs in a caller of libX11, and not in libX11
   or libxcb. The first assertion means that a caller attempted to lock
   the display while already locked. The second assertion means that a
   caller attempted to unlock the display without having it locked.

   If you encounter such bugs, please report a bug against the offending
   software (which is not libX11 or libxcb)

   This error can be worked around by using export
   LIBXCB_ALLOW_SLOPPY_LOCK=1

10. Porting Software

   10.1. Is there a list of software that has been ported to Cygwin/X?

   Yes, see the [171]Cygwin/X - Ported Software page.

   10.2. How do I start porting software to Cygwin/X?

   Cygwin/X provides a software interface that is very similar to the
   software interface provided by GNU/Linux and other UNIX systems. Most
   software packages will compile on Cygwin/X without any changes at all.
   To begin with, try to compile a given software package following that
   package's compilation instructions for GNU/Linux.

   10.3. Are there common problems encountered when porting software to
   Cygwin/X?

   One common problem encountered when porting software to Cygwin/X is due
   to Cygwin's inability to distinguish between files with the same name
   but different capitalization (e.g. XvMC.h and xvmc.h), which is due to
   a Windows' limitation.

   Example 1. Include Problems

   This example is based off an error that actually occurred in the source
   code tree in xc/programs/Xserver/Xext/xvmc.c. xvmc.c included XvMC.h,
   as shown below:
#include "XvMC.h"

   The intention was to include the file xc/include/extensions/XvMC.h.
   Unfortunately, there was a file named xc/programs/Xserver/Xext/xvmc.h
   that ended up getting included instead of the desired file, because the
   precompiler searched the local directory, xc/programs/Xserver/Xext/,
   before searching the rest of the include path. Cygwin can't distinguish
   between XvMC.h and xvmc.h, so xvmc.h ended up being included in xvmc.c.
   The build process on Cygwin broke because the contents of XvMC.h were
   entirely different than the contents of xvmc.h.

   The solution was to change the include to specifically reference the
   desired header:
#include "../../../include/extensions/XvMC.h"

11. Contributing

   11.1. Are there step-by-step instructions for contributing to Cygwin/X?

   Yes. The [172]Cygwin/X Contributor's Guide has step-by-step
   instructions for obtaining the source, building the source, building
   debug versions of the source, and even cross-compiling under Linux.

   11.2. Are there editors for Windows that understand and preserve UNIX
   end of line characters?

   Yes. Emacs and XEmacs are available for Windows; they both understand
   and preserve UNIX end of line characters.

   11.3. How should I generate patches for Cygwin/X?

   Only submit patches that have UNIX end of line characters. See [173]Q:
   11.2. for information on editors for Windows that are aware of UNIX end
   of line characters.

   11.4. Where do I submit patches for Cygwin/X?

   Submit patches for Cygwin/X to the cygwin-xfree@cygwin.com mailing
   list.

   See [174]Q: 11.3. for more information on generating patches.

   11.5. Why doesn't the X Window System use GNU's autoconf?

   It does! Thanks to the excellent efforts of the X.Org community, the X
   Window System has been autotoolized since X.Org R7.0.

   Anyone who despaired of touching the monolithic tree will find things
   much easier now with modular packages.

   11.6. What compiler does Cygwin/X use, and which compilers are
   supported?

   Cygwin/X uses the gcc compiler from the Free Software Foundation.
   Cygwin/X source code is mostly ANSI C compliant, but we cannot
   guarantee that Cygwin/X will compile with any other compiler, nor can
   we afford the time to support compilers other than gcc.

   See the [175]GCC Home Page for more information on gcc.

   11.7. Is cross-compiling from a non-Cygwin platform supported?

   Cross-compiling from a non-Cygwin platform is described in the
   [176]Cygwin/X Contributor's Guide

   11.8. Where can I get help for installing DocBook on Cygwin?

   See [177]SGML for Windows NT: Setting up a free SGML editing and
   publishing system on Windows NT/Cygwin by Markus Hoenicka.

12. Licenses, Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights

   12.1. What licenses apply to Cygwin/X source code?

   Cygwin/X proper isn't covered by a single license, as Cygwin/X is made
   up of two parts that are covered by distinct licenses: Cygwin and the X
   Window System.

   See [178]Q: 12.2. and [179]Q: 12.3. for more information regarding the
   licenses that apply to Cygwin/X.

   12.2. What licenses apply to the X Window System source code?

   X Window System source code is generally licensed under an [180]X11
   style license, which is [181]certified by the Free Software Foundation
   as compatible with the GNU GPL.

   12.3. What license applies to Cygwin source code?

   Cygwin source code is licensed under a modified version of the GNU GPL.
   Cygwin's license modification specifically allows third-party software
   under an open source license to be linked with Cygwin without requiring
   that the source code for the third-party software be distributed under
   the terms of the GNU GPL. Cygwin's developers went to great trouble to
   obtain this modification and should be thanked for doing so, as without
   it the modification, Cygwin/X linking to Cygwin would be the subject of
   endless discussion.

   12.4. Who holds the copyright on the Cygwin/X source code?

   Cygwin/X proper doesn't have a single copyright holder, as Cygwin/X is
   made up of two parts, namely Cygwin and the X Window System; each part
   follows a different scheme in regards to who will hold the copyright on
   source code.

   See [182]Q: 12.5. and [183]Q: 12.6. for more information regarding who
   holds the copyright on Cygwin/X source code.

   12.5. Who holds the copyright on the X Window System source code?

   Each source code file in the X Window System typically has its own
   license and copyright statement. Therefore, there is not a general rule
   for determining who holds the copyright on a particular X Window System
   source file, as each author is free to assign the copyright to someone
   else, to some group, or to keep the copyright themselves. You must
   inspect the source code file in question to determine who holds the
   copyright for that file.

   12.6. Who holds the copyright on the Cygwin source code?

   [184]RedHat owns the copyright on the Cygwin source code. RedHat
   requires that copyright be assigned to RedHat for non-trivial changes
   to Cygwin. You must fill out a copyright transfer form if you are going
   to contribute substantial changes to Cygwin.

   12.7. What license applies to Motif?

   Motif is a closed source product produced by [185]The Open Group.
   However, The Open Group released [186]Open Motif on 2000-05-15 under a
   public license, [187]The Open Group Public License, that allows Open
   Motif to be distributed with and used on Open Source platforms. As of
   2001-07-10, Cygwin/X does not qualify as a platform that Open Motif can
   be distributed with and used on. However, the [188]Open Motif FAQ
   states, "[...] we hope to be able to make a distribution under a
   license complying with the Open Source guidelines sometime in the
   future. For now this is as close as to Open Source as we could get."

   12.8. Isn't "XWin" trademarked by StarNet Communications?

   No. A quick search at the [189]United States Patent and Trademark
   Office for "XWin" turns up one dead record and one live record. The
   live record is for a logo belonging to a rock crusher manufacturer
   based out of Belgium. Neither trademark affects Cygwin/X, as the dead
   record is no longer enforceable, while the live record is in an
   unrelated and distinct industry; there cannot be confusion between rock
   crushers and computer programs.
     __________________________________________________________________

Bibliography

Books

   [ScheiflerGettys92] Robert W. Scheifler, James Gettys, Jim Flowers, and
   David Rosenthal, 1992, 1-55558-088-2, Butterworth-Heinemann, X Window
   System: The Complete Reference to Xlib, X Protocol, ICCCM, and XLFD.

   [Richter99] Jeffrey Richter, 1999, 1-57231-996-8, Microsoft Press,
   Programming Applications for Microsoft Windows: Mastering the critical
   building blocks of 32-bit and 64-bit Windows-based applications.

   [Petzold99] Charles Petzold, 1999, 1-57231-995-X, Microsoft Press,
   Programming Windows: The definitive guide to the Win32 API.

   [McKay99] Everett N. McKay, 1999, 0-7356-0586-6, Microsoft Press,
   Developing User Interfaces for Microsoft Windows: Practical and
   effective methods for improving the user experience.

   [JonesOhlund99] Anthony Jones and Jim Ohlund, 1999, 0-7356-0560-2,
   Microsoft Press, Network Programming for Microsoft Windows: Clear,
   practical guide to Microsoft's networking APIs.

   [Yuan01] Feng Yuan, 2001, 0-13-086985-6, Prentice Hall PTR, Windows
   Graphics Programming: Win32 GDI and DirectDraw.

   [CohenWoodring98] Aaron Cohen and Mike Woodring, 1998, 1-56592-296-4,
   O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Win32 Multithreaded Programming: Building
   Thread-Safe Applications.

   [CameronRosenblattRaymond96] Debra Cameron, Bill Rosenblatt, and Eric
   Raymond, 1996, 1991, 1-56592-152-6, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.,
   Learning GNU Emacs: UNIX Text Processing.

   [Lewine91] Edited by Dale Dougherty, Donald A. Lewine, 1991,
   0-937175-73-0, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., POSIX Programmer's Guide:
   Writing Portable UNIX Programs.

   [KernighanRitchie88] Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, 1988,
   1978, 0-13-110370-9, Prentice Hall PTR, The C Programming Language:
   ANSI C.

Glossary

F

   firewall
          Firewall software attempts to protect an internal network from
          intrusions originating from an external network.

V

   Virtual Private Network (VPN)
          Virtual Private Networks are encrypted tunnels through which
          private data can be safely transmitted over a private network
          (e.g. the Internet).

X

   X Display Manager (XDM)
          An X Display Manager presents a graphical login screen to X
          users. Often an XDM will allow the user to select a desktop
          environment or window manager to be for their login session.
          Some X Display Managers are xdm, gdm (Gnome Display Manager),
          and kdm (KDE Display Manager).

   X Display Manager Control Protocol (XDMCP)
          XDMCP allows XDM to process logins for users remote to the
          machine that XDM is running on; login sessions will be run on
          the machine running XDM. For example, at a university you may
          use XDMCP to login to an X session running on an engineering
          department computer from your dorm room.

          See Also: [190]X Display Manager.

   X11 Forwarding
          Some SSH programs like OpenSSH provide a feature where in
          addition to the normal text channel opened between the local and
          the remote host another encrypted channel is opened for the
          communication between the X11 client and the X11 server. The SSH
          server will act as proxy-server for the X11 clients and will
          forward all communication to the X11 server.
     __________________________________________________________________

A. GNU Free Documentation License

   Version 1.1, March 2000

     Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place,
     Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy
     and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but
     changing it is not allowed.
     __________________________________________________________________

0. PREAMBLE

   The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
   written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
   effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
   modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this
   License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for
   their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications
   made by others.

   This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works
   of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
   complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license
   designed for free software.

   We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
   software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
   program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
   software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it
   can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
   whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
   principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
     __________________________________________________________________

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice
   placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the
   terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual
   or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
   "you".

   A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
   Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
   modifications and/or translated into another language.

   A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
   the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
   publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
   (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
   within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
   textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
   mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
   connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
   commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
   them.

   The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
   are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
   that says that the Document is released under this License.

   The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
   as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
   the Document is released under this License.

   A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
   represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
   public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
   straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
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   drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
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   text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
   whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent
   modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not
   "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

   Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
   without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML
   using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML
   designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript,
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   proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
   processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
   HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

   The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus
   such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this
   License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats
   which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text
   near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
   beginning of the body of the text.
     __________________________________________________________________

2. VERBATIM COPYING

   You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
   commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
   copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
   to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
   conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
   technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
   copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
   compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
   number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
   you may publicly display copies.
     __________________________________________________________________

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
   and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
   enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these
   Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts
   on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
   you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the
   full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible.
   You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with
   changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of
   the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
   copying in other respects.

   If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
   legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
   reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
   pages.

   If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
   more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
   copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
   a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
   Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
   general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
   charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
   option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
   distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
   Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
   until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
   copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
   the public.

   It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
   Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
   them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
     __________________________________________________________________

4. MODIFICATIONS

   You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
   the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the
   Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
   Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
   and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of
   it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
    A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
       from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
       (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
       of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
       if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
    B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
       responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
       Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of
       the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than
       five).
    C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
       Version, as the publisher.
    D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
    E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent
       to the other copyright notices.
    F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
       giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
       terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
    G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
       Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
       notice.
    H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
    I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
       it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
       publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
       there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
       stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
       given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
       Version as stated in the previous sentence.
    J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
       public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
       the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
       it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You
       may omit a network location for a work that was published at least
       four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher
       of the version it refers to gives permission.
    K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
       preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
       substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
       and/or dedications given therein.
    L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
       their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent
       are not considered part of the section titles.
    M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not
       be included in the Modified Version.
    N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
       conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

   If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
   appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
   copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
   of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
   list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
   These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
   nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
   parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
   been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
   standard.

   You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
   passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
   of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover
   Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
   arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes
   a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
   arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you
   may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
   permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
   give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
   imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
     __________________________________________________________________

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
   License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
   versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
   Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
   list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
   license notice.

   The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
   multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
   copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
   different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
   adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
   author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
   Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
   Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in
   the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History";
   likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any
   sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled
   "Endorsements."
     __________________________________________________________________

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
   documents released under this License, and replace the individual
   copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that
   is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of
   this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
   respects.

   You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
   distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
   copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
   License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
   document.
     __________________________________________________________________

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
   and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
   distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of
   the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
   compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
   License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
   with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are
   not themselves derivative works of the Document.

   If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
   copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
   of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
   covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise
   they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
     __________________________________________________________________

8. TRANSLATION

   Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
   translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing
   Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from
   their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or
   all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these
   Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License
   provided that you also include the original English version of this
   License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the
   original English version of this License, the original English version
   will prevail.
     __________________________________________________________________

9. TERMINATION

   You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
   as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
   copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
   automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
   parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
   License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
   remain in full compliance.
     __________________________________________________________________

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

   The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
   GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
   will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
   detail to address new problems or concerns. See
   [191]http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

   Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
   If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
   License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
   following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
   of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
   Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
   number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
   as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
     __________________________________________________________________

How to use this License for your documents

   To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
   the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
   notices just after the title page:

     Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy,
     distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU
     Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version
     published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant
     Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being
     LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the
     license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
     License".

   If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
   instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
   Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
   LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
   recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
   free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
   permit their use in free software.

References

   1. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/faq/dump.html#qanda
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   9. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/faq/dump.html#q-what-is-x-server
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  15. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/faq/dump.html#installation
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  17. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/faq/dump.html#q-how-to-install
  18. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/faq/dump.html#modular
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 159. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/faq/project-url-ml-search;
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 164. http://x.cygwin.com/devel/server/
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 166. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/faq/dump.html#q-error-max-clients
 167. file://localhost/home/jon/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0-package/cygwin-x-doc-1.1.0/.build/faq/dump.html#gloss-vpn
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 191. http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/
